Free PDF Evolution and the Levels of Selection, by Samir Okasha
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Evolution and the Levels of Selection, by Samir Okasha
Free PDF Evolution and the Levels of Selection, by Samir Okasha
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Does natural selection act primarily on individual organisms, on groups, on genes, or on whole species? The question of levels of selection - on which biologists and philosophers have long disagreed - is central to evolutionary theory and to the philosophy of biology. Samir Okasha's comprehensive analysis gives a clear account of the philosophical issues at stake in the current debate.
- Sales Rank: #1547584 in eBooks
- Published on: 2007-01-18
- Released on: 2006-12-28
- Format: Kindle eBook
Most helpful customer reviews
27 of 29 people found the following review helpful.
He agrees with me, what can I say?
By Charles
It is rare that you can find a thoughtful book on the subject of multilevel selection that actually critically reviews all sides of the subject. I have done considerable work in this area. I am pleased that he cites me appropriately and thoughtfully, and that he cites the relevant literature appropriately. That said, it is a technical book. I don't think I would recommend this as your first book on evolutionary theory, and it frankly is quite technical. However, if you want to know what the current controversy about group selection is all about then I strongly recommend this.
A few details: The center piece of this book is the comparison between the Price equation and contextual analysis. The Price equation is a method of partitioning covariances between a trait and relative fitness into within group and between group components. Contextual analysis is a multivariate regression approach in which a partial regression of traits measured on individuals and measured on groups are simultaneously examined. These two approaches follow from different philosophies and lead to different conclusions. Okasha discusses how these two views differ, and provides an excellent rational for choosing between these two approaches, provides important insights into how these two approaches color our view of multilevel selection
8 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
This Book is Great (For Its Intended Audience)
By Amazon Customer
I both love and hate this book. I love it because I am particularly interested in the 'Levels of Selection' problem in evolutionary science, and any book on this subject is a good book. But, I also hate it too. Let me begin with the reason why I hate it. Professor Okasha writes in the Introduction, "The book is aimed at evolutionary biologists, philosophers of science, and interested parties from other disciplines. It presumes a basic familiarity with Darwinian evolution, but I try to introduce every topic from scratch. Jargon, whether biological or philosophical, is avoided as much as possible, and explained where it is used. In places the treatment is slightly more technical than is customary in philosophical discussions, but no more so than is necessary to achieve clarity. Inevitably, different chapters will appeal more to some readers than others, depending on the reader's interests. The book is designed to be read as a whole, but there is an element of modularity." As one reviewer pointed out already, this book is technical - very technical. And this is why I hate it. Because this book was published for a general audience, as opposed to being published in a technical journal, I felt that Okasha could have perhaps sprinkled a few metaphors and analogies throughout the text to help explain some of the more difficult passages. It is only because I have "a basic familiarity with Darwinian evolution" that I was able to grind through this book. As an introduction to the `Levels of Selection' problem, I think this book would be entirely beyond the layman's reach. However, with that aside, I did also love this book; what follows are a few reasons why.
For starters, Professor Okasha, does lay out the argument efficiently; "The levels-of-selection is one of the most fundamental in evolutionary biology, for it arises directly from the underlying logic of Darwinism. The problem can be seen as the upshot of three factors, each of which was appreciated to some extent by Darwin himself. The first and most fundamental factor is the abstract nature of the principle of natural selection...Any entities which vary, reproduce differentially as a result, and beget offspring that are similar to them, could in principle be subject to Darwinian evolution. The basic logic of natural selection is the same whatever the `entities' in question are. The second factor is the hierarchical organization that characterizes the biological world. The entities biologists study form a nested hierarchy, lower-level ones properly included within higher-level ones...The third factor concerns not the process of natural selection but its product. Natural selection leads organisms to evolve adaptations - traits that enhance their chance of survival and reproduction." Also, I found the way Professor Okasha applies Price's Equation in the hierarchical setting very interesting and valuable. Furthermore, I found the two sections, 'Particle Fitness and Collective Fitness' (2.2.3) along with 'The Two Types of Multi-Level Selection' (2.2.4), to be enormously beneficial. In fact, these two small sections more than make up for any negatives about the book.
In sum, I believe that for anyone already deeply interested in the 'Levels of Selection' debate then this purchase would be a no-brainer. For others however, there are better places to start: Darwin's Conjecture: The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Evolution--the Extended Synthesis, or The Evolutionary World: How Adaptation Explains Everything from Seashells to Civilization, for example.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Very helpful for this layman.
By Vincent Mounts
A very good account of the concepts behind the multi-level selection (MLS) point of view. It is moderately technical but well within the reach of a layman (I am one, I should know). There was some terminology I had to look up and a few equations to digest, but nothing too complicated.
The focus is very much on the conceptual level and there isn't a lot of discussion of empirical findings (some but not a lot). Some of the ideas I took from the book are: natural selection is inherently an abstract concept that can apply at multiple levels, distinguishing between levels requires looking at the biological details (focusing on causation), there are two types of MLS that track different things (collectives themselves or particles in the collectives) and MLS1 is a little weird (in my opinion), gene's-eye-view and group selection are often equivalent ways of looking at things, and MLS plays a role in describing how the biological hierarchy evolved in the first place (rather than taking it as a given).
Anyone wanting to understand the multi-level selection controversy in biology won't go wrong in reading this book.
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